IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Dendrimer Polymers techniques is a controlled release system which helps to s...rita martin
Dendrimers are considered as the Polymers of 21st century, which ease the process of drug discovery, as we know that current drug discovery techniques takes years of time in inventing new drugs, this new Dendrimers technique help drug discovery companies and pharmaceutical industries to speed up their drug discovery process and provide better results
Dendrimers is an advanced source of pharmaceutical dosage forms. It improves the ease of drug delivery and better patient compliance. This technique can be used as the prodrug. It can be better used in Anti-Cancer therapy for better results.
Dendrimers for Target Drug Delivery In Treatment of CancerSawsan Monir
Dendrimers are emerging as potential non-viral vectors for efficiently delivering drugs and nucleic acids to the cancer cells. These polymers are highly branched, three-dimensional macromolecules with modifiable surface functionalities and available internal cavities that make them attractive as delivery systems for drug and gene delivery applications. Recent work has suggested that dendrimers may be a keystone in the future of therapeutics, Dendrimers can also be being applied to a variety of cancer therapies to improve their safety and efficacy.
Dendrimers are synthetic polymers with tree-like branching structures that can be used for targeted cancer therapy. They have a core, interior branches, and an exterior surface that allows functional groups and drug molecules to be attached. Dendrimers can encapsulate drugs in their interior cavities and transport them to cancer cells using targeting ligands on the surface. They have been studied for applications in cancer imaging, photodynamic therapy, boron neutron capture therapy, and gene therapy by selectively delivering therapeutic agents to tumors. Dendrimers show promise for improving cancer treatment by increasing the specificity and efficacy of drug delivery.
Dendrimers are synthetic polymers with tree-like branching structures that can be used for targeted cancer therapy and drug delivery. They have precise sizes and interior cavities that allow drugs to be encapsulated. Functional groups on the dendrimer surface can target cancer cells specifically. Dendrimers show promise for applications such as cancer imaging, photodynamic therapy, boron neutron capture therapy, and gene therapy by selectively delivering drugs and other agents to tumors. Further development is still needed but dendrimers may improve cancer treatment outcomes through more precise delivery of cytotoxic drugs directly to cancer cells.
1. DENDRIMERS By: S.R.Rashmi (B.Pharma)
Kalinga University, New Raipur
2.The word "dendrimer" originated from two Greek words,
dendron: meaning tree, meros- meaning part or segment.
3. Dendrimers possess three distinguished components, namely
(i) An initiator core.
(ii) Interior layers:- composed of repeating units, radically attached to the interior core(generations).
(iii) Exterior layers attached to the outermost interior generations (terminal functionality).
4. Need of Dendrimers:
Nano-particle drug-delivery systems are most popular one.
However reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake, drug leakage, immunogenicity, haemolytic toxicity, cytotoxicity, restrict the use of these nanostructures.
These are overcome by surface engineering the dendrimes such as Polyester dendrimer, Glyco-dendrimers, PEGylated dendrimers etc.
The bioactive agents can be easily encapsulated into the interior of the dendrimers. or Chemically attached i.e. physically adsorbed on to the dendrimer surface.
5. Types of Dendrimers:
1)PAMAM Dendrimers2) PAMAMOS Dendrimers3) PPI Dendrimers4) TECTO Dendrimers5) MULTILINGUAL Dendrimers6) CHIRAL Dendrimers7) HYBRID Dendrimers linear polymers8)AMPHIPHILIC Dendrimers9) MICELLAR Dendrimers10) MULTIPLE ANTIGEN PEPTIDE Dendrimers11) FRECHET-TYPE Dendrimers
6. Methods of Synthesis:
Divergent method: Dendrimers starts from the central core and extends toward the surface i.e. diverging into space.
Two step process:Activation of functional surface groups,Addition of branching monomers units.
7. Convergent Method: Dendrimer starting from the end groups and progressing inwards.
When the growing wedges are enough large, attached to a suitable core to give a complete Dendrimer.
8.Combined Method: This approach allows the preparation of monomers for both convergent and divergent growth from a single starting material
9. Mechanism of drug Loading :
Simple encapsulation:-It directly encapsulates guest molecules into macromolecule interior.
Electrostatic interaction:-Surface functional groups enhances solubility of hydrophobic drugs by electrostatic interaction e.g. Ibuprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin.
Covalent conjugation:-The drug is covalently bound to dendrimers & its cleavage occurs via chemical or enzymatic cleavage of hydrolytically labile bonds. It allows tissue targeting & controlled delivery as drug-dendrimer conjugate diffuse slower than the free.
10. Applications of Dendrimers:
Dendrimers in biomedical field, Anticancer drugs, Dendrimers in drug delivery, Transdermal drug delivery, Dendritic sensors, Dendrimers used for enhancing solubility, Dendrimers as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents
11. Trastuzumab-grafted PAMAM dendrimers for the selective delivery of anticancer drugs to HER-2 positive breast cancer
12. When a cancer is HER2-positive, it means that the cancer cells make too much HER2 protein, which can cause tumors to grow more rapidly than with other forms of breast cancer.
Dendrimers are spherical, nanoscale polymers with tree-like branching structures and three main components: a core, interior, and surface. They are highly branched molecules with controlled sizes and shapes. Dendrimers are synthesized in a stepwise manner which allows for precise control over properties like molecular weight, branching generation, and functional surface groups. Their unique properties make dendrimers useful in many applications including drug delivery, gene transfer, cancer therapy, and catalysis.
Dendrimers are precisely engineered nanoscale polymers that can be used to deliver drugs through various routes of administration. They have internal cavities that can encapsulate drug molecules and functional surface groups that allow drug conjugation or interactions. Dendrimers can improve drug solubility and prolong drug release. Common applications include using dendrimers intravenously, orally, and transdermally to deliver cancer drugs, genes, and other therapeutics in a targeted and controlled manner.
Dendrimer Polymers techniques is a controlled release system which helps to s...rita martin
Dendrimers are considered as the Polymers of 21st century, which ease the process of drug discovery, as we know that current drug discovery techniques takes years of time in inventing new drugs, this new Dendrimers technique help drug discovery companies and pharmaceutical industries to speed up their drug discovery process and provide better results
Dendrimers is an advanced source of pharmaceutical dosage forms. It improves the ease of drug delivery and better patient compliance. This technique can be used as the prodrug. It can be better used in Anti-Cancer therapy for better results.
Dendrimers for Target Drug Delivery In Treatment of CancerSawsan Monir
Dendrimers are emerging as potential non-viral vectors for efficiently delivering drugs and nucleic acids to the cancer cells. These polymers are highly branched, three-dimensional macromolecules with modifiable surface functionalities and available internal cavities that make them attractive as delivery systems for drug and gene delivery applications. Recent work has suggested that dendrimers may be a keystone in the future of therapeutics, Dendrimers can also be being applied to a variety of cancer therapies to improve their safety and efficacy.
Dendrimers are synthetic polymers with tree-like branching structures that can be used for targeted cancer therapy. They have a core, interior branches, and an exterior surface that allows functional groups and drug molecules to be attached. Dendrimers can encapsulate drugs in their interior cavities and transport them to cancer cells using targeting ligands on the surface. They have been studied for applications in cancer imaging, photodynamic therapy, boron neutron capture therapy, and gene therapy by selectively delivering therapeutic agents to tumors. Dendrimers show promise for improving cancer treatment by increasing the specificity and efficacy of drug delivery.
Dendrimers are synthetic polymers with tree-like branching structures that can be used for targeted cancer therapy and drug delivery. They have precise sizes and interior cavities that allow drugs to be encapsulated. Functional groups on the dendrimer surface can target cancer cells specifically. Dendrimers show promise for applications such as cancer imaging, photodynamic therapy, boron neutron capture therapy, and gene therapy by selectively delivering drugs and other agents to tumors. Further development is still needed but dendrimers may improve cancer treatment outcomes through more precise delivery of cytotoxic drugs directly to cancer cells.
1. DENDRIMERS By: S.R.Rashmi (B.Pharma)
Kalinga University, New Raipur
2.The word "dendrimer" originated from two Greek words,
dendron: meaning tree, meros- meaning part or segment.
3. Dendrimers possess three distinguished components, namely
(i) An initiator core.
(ii) Interior layers:- composed of repeating units, radically attached to the interior core(generations).
(iii) Exterior layers attached to the outermost interior generations (terminal functionality).
4. Need of Dendrimers:
Nano-particle drug-delivery systems are most popular one.
However reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake, drug leakage, immunogenicity, haemolytic toxicity, cytotoxicity, restrict the use of these nanostructures.
These are overcome by surface engineering the dendrimes such as Polyester dendrimer, Glyco-dendrimers, PEGylated dendrimers etc.
The bioactive agents can be easily encapsulated into the interior of the dendrimers. or Chemically attached i.e. physically adsorbed on to the dendrimer surface.
5. Types of Dendrimers:
1)PAMAM Dendrimers2) PAMAMOS Dendrimers3) PPI Dendrimers4) TECTO Dendrimers5) MULTILINGUAL Dendrimers6) CHIRAL Dendrimers7) HYBRID Dendrimers linear polymers8)AMPHIPHILIC Dendrimers9) MICELLAR Dendrimers10) MULTIPLE ANTIGEN PEPTIDE Dendrimers11) FRECHET-TYPE Dendrimers
6. Methods of Synthesis:
Divergent method: Dendrimers starts from the central core and extends toward the surface i.e. diverging into space.
Two step process:Activation of functional surface groups,Addition of branching monomers units.
7. Convergent Method: Dendrimer starting from the end groups and progressing inwards.
When the growing wedges are enough large, attached to a suitable core to give a complete Dendrimer.
8.Combined Method: This approach allows the preparation of monomers for both convergent and divergent growth from a single starting material
9. Mechanism of drug Loading :
Simple encapsulation:-It directly encapsulates guest molecules into macromolecule interior.
Electrostatic interaction:-Surface functional groups enhances solubility of hydrophobic drugs by electrostatic interaction e.g. Ibuprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin.
Covalent conjugation:-The drug is covalently bound to dendrimers & its cleavage occurs via chemical or enzymatic cleavage of hydrolytically labile bonds. It allows tissue targeting & controlled delivery as drug-dendrimer conjugate diffuse slower than the free.
10. Applications of Dendrimers:
Dendrimers in biomedical field, Anticancer drugs, Dendrimers in drug delivery, Transdermal drug delivery, Dendritic sensors, Dendrimers used for enhancing solubility, Dendrimers as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents
11. Trastuzumab-grafted PAMAM dendrimers for the selective delivery of anticancer drugs to HER-2 positive breast cancer
12. When a cancer is HER2-positive, it means that the cancer cells make too much HER2 protein, which can cause tumors to grow more rapidly than with other forms of breast cancer.
Dendrimers are spherical, nanoscale polymers with tree-like branching structures and three main components: a core, interior, and surface. They are highly branched molecules with controlled sizes and shapes. Dendrimers are synthesized in a stepwise manner which allows for precise control over properties like molecular weight, branching generation, and functional surface groups. Their unique properties make dendrimers useful in many applications including drug delivery, gene transfer, cancer therapy, and catalysis.
Dendrimers are precisely engineered nanoscale polymers that can be used to deliver drugs through various routes of administration. They have internal cavities that can encapsulate drug molecules and functional surface groups that allow drug conjugation or interactions. Dendrimers can improve drug solubility and prolong drug release. Common applications include using dendrimers intravenously, orally, and transdermally to deliver cancer drugs, genes, and other therapeutics in a targeted and controlled manner.
Dendrimers : A recent drug delivery systemVARSHAAWASAR
Dendrimers are nanoscale polymers that can be used as a drug delivery system. They have a core and branched structure that allows for precise control over size and surface properties. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drug molecules and release drugs in a controlled manner. They offer advantages over other delivery systems like increased bioavailability, targeted delivery, and protection of drugs from degradation. Characterization techniques include spectroscopy, microscopy, and scattering to understand properties. Dendrimers show potential for applications in imaging, gene delivery, and cancer therapy.
This document provides an overview of dendrimers, including:
1) Dendrimers are highly branched macromolecules with a core, interior shells, and exterior functional groups that give them versatility for applications like drug delivery.
2) They have a unique spherical and symmetrical molecular architecture defined by their core, interior shells, and exterior groups.
3) There are several types of dendrimers including liquid crystalline, tecto, chiral, PAMAMOS, hybrid, peptide, and glycodendrimers that have various applications in fields like catalysis, sensors, and drug/gene delivery.
Dendrimers are nanoscale, highly branched polymers that can be used for targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release. They are synthesized through divergent or convergent methods and have an interior core, interior layers, and an exterior surface. Common applications of dendrimers include drug and gene delivery, where drugs can be encapsulated or attached to the dendrimer surface. Specific dendrimers like PAMAM are being used for cancer treatment by attaching drugs and targeting ligands to the surface. Dendrimers show promise for improving drug solubility, bioavailability, and targeting for applications like cancer therapy, gene therapy, and tissue engineering.
Dendrimers are highly branched macromolecules that were introduced in 1984 by Donald Tomalia. They have three distinguishing architectural components - an initiator core, interior layers, and terminal functionalities. Dendrimers can encapsulate guest molecules either physically or through chemical interactions, making them promising candidates for drug delivery applications. Their well-defined structure allows for controlled functionalization and targeted delivery of drugs.
This document provides an overview of dendrimers, which are highly branched, monodisperse polymeric nanoparticles. It discusses the origins and history of dendrimers, methods for synthesizing them including divergent and convergent approaches, their core-shell structure and properties. Applications of dendrimers mentioned include drug delivery, with mechanisms like encapsulation, electrostatic interactions and covalent conjugation. Characterization techniques and examples of dendrimer types like PAMAM are also summarized.
Dendrimer - A Novel Carrier in Drug Delivery SystemIshwarJadhav4
This document discusses dendrimers, which are nanosized, highly branched molecules that can act as novel carriers in drug delivery systems. Dendrimers have a core and interior layers that radiate out, giving them a tree-like branched structure. They have properties like monodispersity and high surface functionality that make them useful for encapsulating and delivering drugs. The document outlines the different types of dendrimers, how they are synthesized, their mechanisms of drug delivery, and applications in areas like photodynamic therapy, MRI contrast agents, and vaccines. Recent advances include their use in gene delivery, sensors, and solubilizing drugs. Dendrimers show promise for targeted drug delivery due to their ability
This document provides an overview of dendrimers. It begins by defining dendrimers as highly branched macromolecules with a three-dimensional structure that provides high surface functionality. The first dendrimers were synthesized in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Dendrimer design considers architecture, synthesis, and properties/applications. Dendrimers have a spherical, tree-like branching structure built around a core. Higher generation dendrimers become densely packed spheres. There are various types of dendrimers synthesized through divergent, convergent, or mixed methods. Dendrimers find applications in pharmaceuticals such as drug delivery and gene therapy due to their high drug loading capacity.
Dendrimers are tree-like polymers that branch out from a central core in a hierarchical structure, not exceeding 15 nm in size. They have a dense surface surrounding a hollow core, unlike traditional linear polymers. Dendrimers were first synthesized in the 1980s and have since been studied extensively, with over 10,000 scientific reports and 1,000 patents on their structures. Dendrimers can be used for drug delivery to improve drug efficacy, extend drug half-life, reduce toxicity, and enhance drug solubility.
Dendrimers are nanoscale, synthetic polymers that are spherical in shape with three distinct parts: a central core, interior layers called generations, and functional terminal groups on the outer surface. They are prepared through divergent, convergent, or mixed synthesis methods. Dendrimers have applications as drug delivery agents, in gene therapy, as solubility enhancers, and in wastewater treatment due to their highly branched structure, monodispersity, and ability to encapsulate other molecules.
Dendrimers may be defined as synthetic three-dimensional hyper branched, globular macromolecule, which is characterized by its highly branched 3D structure that provides a high degree of surface functionality.
Dendrimers are spherical, branched polymers with three distinct architectural components - a core, interior layers called generations, and an exterior surface. They are repeatedly branched molecules that are precisely controlled in size and shape during chemical synthesis. Higher generations beyond 5 become perfectly spherical structures. Dendrimers can be functionalized on their surface and are ideal for creating biologically active nanomaterials due to their similarity in size to proteins and ability to be readily taken up by cells. Common types include PAMAM, PPI, and hybrid dendrimers. Their properties can be tailored for applications such as drug delivery by modifying surface functional groups to control solubility, charge, and targeting abilities.
This document provides an overview of dendrimers, including their historical background, structures, types, synthesis, properties, characterization, and applications. Dendrimers are repetitively branched synthetic nanoparticles that were first termed in the 1980s. They are precisely engineered at the molecular level with sizes between 1-15 nm. Common types include PAMAM, PPI, and Frechet-type dendrimers. Dendrimers are synthesized using either a divergent or convergent approach and have uniform and monodisperse properties that make them useful for drug delivery, imaging, and other applications.
Dendrimers are nanoscale, tree-branching polymers that have potential applications as drug delivery agents. They are synthesized in a stepwise process that builds up branches around a core molecule. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drug molecules, releasing them in a controlled manner. They have properties like water solubility and low toxicity that make them promising for targeted drug delivery. However, further research is still needed to address challenges like toxicity at high generations and scale up for commercialization before dendrimer-based drugs can be developed.
Dendrimers are highly branched, synthetic polymers that were first discovered in the 1980s. They have a spherical, tree-like structure with an inner core, interior layers, and an exterior surface. Dendrimers are mono-disperse and have properties like high solubility and molecular uniformity that make them useful for applications such as drug delivery, gene delivery, sensing, and synthesis of nanoparticles. Some examples of how dendrimers are used include as carriers for sustained drug release, to enhance oral drug bioavailability, and for ocular drug delivery to the back of the eye.
Dendrimers are highly branched, nanoscale polymers that are synthesized in an intricate, step-by-step process. They have numerous potential medical applications including as drug delivery agents, gene transfection vectors, and MRI contrast agents. Dendrimers can also be used as catalysts in industrial processes due to their large surface area and exposed reactive sites. While dendrimers show promise for targeted cancer therapies and other medical uses, further reducing production costs and improving synthesis methods are needed before their full potential can be realized.
Dendrimers are synthetic, highly branched polymers with three distinct components: a core, interior layers, and an exterior surface. They are synthesized using either a divergent or convergent method. Dendrimers have many potential applications including as drug delivery systems, solubility enhancers, and in gene therapy due to their highly branched structure which allows encapsulation of bioactive molecules in their interior. They are characterized using techniques like spectroscopy, scattering, chromatography and microscopy. Common uses include delivery of anticancer drugs, enhancing drug solubility, and cellular delivery of therapeutic agents.
Dendrimers are highly branched polymers with tree-like structures that provide a high degree of surface functionality. They are typically symmetric around a core and adopt a spherical three-dimensional morphology. There are several types of dendrimers that can be synthesized through various methods, most commonly through a double exponential growth method. Dendrimers have many advantages such as well-defined structure, tunable properties, and multifunctionality, making them useful in a wide range of applications like drug delivery, catalysis, and electronics.
Dendrimers are synthetic, highly branched macromolecules that were first introduced in 1978. They are characterized by their highly branched 3D structure that provides a high degree of surface functionality. There are two main methods for synthesizing dendrimers - the divergent method, which starts from the core and extends outward, and the convergent method, which starts from the surface groups and progresses inward. Dendrimers can encapsulate drug molecules within their interior or attach drugs to their surface, making them useful for drug delivery applications by protecting drugs and controlling their release. Their properties and applications depend on their type, generation, and functional groups.
Polymer-drug conjugates are a novel class of nanocarriers for drug delivery, which can protect the drug from premature degradation, prevent the drug from premature interaction with the biological environment and enhance the absorption of the drugs into tissues (by enhanced permeability and retention effect or active targeting).
Polymer-drug conjugates are often considered as new chemical entities (NCEs) owing to a distinct pharmacokinetic profile from that of the parent drug.
Conjugation of a drug with a polymer forms so-called ‘Polymeric Prodrug’.
Dendrimers are highly branched, three-dimensional polymers that show promise in drug delivery applications. They can be precisely engineered with specific properties. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drugs and release them in a controlled manner over time. They offer advantages over other delivery systems like liposomes due to their well-defined structure and multivalent surface. Current research is exploring dendrimers for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, gene therapy, and other pharmaceutical uses to improve treatment outcomes.
Dendrimers are highly branched, three-dimensional polymers that show promise in drug delivery applications. They can be precisely engineered with specific properties. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drugs and release them in a controlled manner over time. They offer advantages over other delivery systems like liposomes due to their well-defined structure and multivalent surface that allows attachment of targeting moieties. Dendrimers have various pharmaceutical and biomedical applications and continue to be researched for improved drug delivery systems.
Dendrimers : A recent drug delivery systemVARSHAAWASAR
Dendrimers are nanoscale polymers that can be used as a drug delivery system. They have a core and branched structure that allows for precise control over size and surface properties. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drug molecules and release drugs in a controlled manner. They offer advantages over other delivery systems like increased bioavailability, targeted delivery, and protection of drugs from degradation. Characterization techniques include spectroscopy, microscopy, and scattering to understand properties. Dendrimers show potential for applications in imaging, gene delivery, and cancer therapy.
This document provides an overview of dendrimers, including:
1) Dendrimers are highly branched macromolecules with a core, interior shells, and exterior functional groups that give them versatility for applications like drug delivery.
2) They have a unique spherical and symmetrical molecular architecture defined by their core, interior shells, and exterior groups.
3) There are several types of dendrimers including liquid crystalline, tecto, chiral, PAMAMOS, hybrid, peptide, and glycodendrimers that have various applications in fields like catalysis, sensors, and drug/gene delivery.
Dendrimers are nanoscale, highly branched polymers that can be used for targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release. They are synthesized through divergent or convergent methods and have an interior core, interior layers, and an exterior surface. Common applications of dendrimers include drug and gene delivery, where drugs can be encapsulated or attached to the dendrimer surface. Specific dendrimers like PAMAM are being used for cancer treatment by attaching drugs and targeting ligands to the surface. Dendrimers show promise for improving drug solubility, bioavailability, and targeting for applications like cancer therapy, gene therapy, and tissue engineering.
Dendrimers are highly branched macromolecules that were introduced in 1984 by Donald Tomalia. They have three distinguishing architectural components - an initiator core, interior layers, and terminal functionalities. Dendrimers can encapsulate guest molecules either physically or through chemical interactions, making them promising candidates for drug delivery applications. Their well-defined structure allows for controlled functionalization and targeted delivery of drugs.
This document provides an overview of dendrimers, which are highly branched, monodisperse polymeric nanoparticles. It discusses the origins and history of dendrimers, methods for synthesizing them including divergent and convergent approaches, their core-shell structure and properties. Applications of dendrimers mentioned include drug delivery, with mechanisms like encapsulation, electrostatic interactions and covalent conjugation. Characterization techniques and examples of dendrimer types like PAMAM are also summarized.
Dendrimer - A Novel Carrier in Drug Delivery SystemIshwarJadhav4
This document discusses dendrimers, which are nanosized, highly branched molecules that can act as novel carriers in drug delivery systems. Dendrimers have a core and interior layers that radiate out, giving them a tree-like branched structure. They have properties like monodispersity and high surface functionality that make them useful for encapsulating and delivering drugs. The document outlines the different types of dendrimers, how they are synthesized, their mechanisms of drug delivery, and applications in areas like photodynamic therapy, MRI contrast agents, and vaccines. Recent advances include their use in gene delivery, sensors, and solubilizing drugs. Dendrimers show promise for targeted drug delivery due to their ability
This document provides an overview of dendrimers. It begins by defining dendrimers as highly branched macromolecules with a three-dimensional structure that provides high surface functionality. The first dendrimers were synthesized in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Dendrimer design considers architecture, synthesis, and properties/applications. Dendrimers have a spherical, tree-like branching structure built around a core. Higher generation dendrimers become densely packed spheres. There are various types of dendrimers synthesized through divergent, convergent, or mixed methods. Dendrimers find applications in pharmaceuticals such as drug delivery and gene therapy due to their high drug loading capacity.
Dendrimers are tree-like polymers that branch out from a central core in a hierarchical structure, not exceeding 15 nm in size. They have a dense surface surrounding a hollow core, unlike traditional linear polymers. Dendrimers were first synthesized in the 1980s and have since been studied extensively, with over 10,000 scientific reports and 1,000 patents on their structures. Dendrimers can be used for drug delivery to improve drug efficacy, extend drug half-life, reduce toxicity, and enhance drug solubility.
Dendrimers are nanoscale, synthetic polymers that are spherical in shape with three distinct parts: a central core, interior layers called generations, and functional terminal groups on the outer surface. They are prepared through divergent, convergent, or mixed synthesis methods. Dendrimers have applications as drug delivery agents, in gene therapy, as solubility enhancers, and in wastewater treatment due to their highly branched structure, monodispersity, and ability to encapsulate other molecules.
Dendrimers may be defined as synthetic three-dimensional hyper branched, globular macromolecule, which is characterized by its highly branched 3D structure that provides a high degree of surface functionality.
Dendrimers are spherical, branched polymers with three distinct architectural components - a core, interior layers called generations, and an exterior surface. They are repeatedly branched molecules that are precisely controlled in size and shape during chemical synthesis. Higher generations beyond 5 become perfectly spherical structures. Dendrimers can be functionalized on their surface and are ideal for creating biologically active nanomaterials due to their similarity in size to proteins and ability to be readily taken up by cells. Common types include PAMAM, PPI, and hybrid dendrimers. Their properties can be tailored for applications such as drug delivery by modifying surface functional groups to control solubility, charge, and targeting abilities.
This document provides an overview of dendrimers, including their historical background, structures, types, synthesis, properties, characterization, and applications. Dendrimers are repetitively branched synthetic nanoparticles that were first termed in the 1980s. They are precisely engineered at the molecular level with sizes between 1-15 nm. Common types include PAMAM, PPI, and Frechet-type dendrimers. Dendrimers are synthesized using either a divergent or convergent approach and have uniform and monodisperse properties that make them useful for drug delivery, imaging, and other applications.
Dendrimers are nanoscale, tree-branching polymers that have potential applications as drug delivery agents. They are synthesized in a stepwise process that builds up branches around a core molecule. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drug molecules, releasing them in a controlled manner. They have properties like water solubility and low toxicity that make them promising for targeted drug delivery. However, further research is still needed to address challenges like toxicity at high generations and scale up for commercialization before dendrimer-based drugs can be developed.
Dendrimers are highly branched, synthetic polymers that were first discovered in the 1980s. They have a spherical, tree-like structure with an inner core, interior layers, and an exterior surface. Dendrimers are mono-disperse and have properties like high solubility and molecular uniformity that make them useful for applications such as drug delivery, gene delivery, sensing, and synthesis of nanoparticles. Some examples of how dendrimers are used include as carriers for sustained drug release, to enhance oral drug bioavailability, and for ocular drug delivery to the back of the eye.
Dendrimers are highly branched, nanoscale polymers that are synthesized in an intricate, step-by-step process. They have numerous potential medical applications including as drug delivery agents, gene transfection vectors, and MRI contrast agents. Dendrimers can also be used as catalysts in industrial processes due to their large surface area and exposed reactive sites. While dendrimers show promise for targeted cancer therapies and other medical uses, further reducing production costs and improving synthesis methods are needed before their full potential can be realized.
Dendrimers are synthetic, highly branched polymers with three distinct components: a core, interior layers, and an exterior surface. They are synthesized using either a divergent or convergent method. Dendrimers have many potential applications including as drug delivery systems, solubility enhancers, and in gene therapy due to their highly branched structure which allows encapsulation of bioactive molecules in their interior. They are characterized using techniques like spectroscopy, scattering, chromatography and microscopy. Common uses include delivery of anticancer drugs, enhancing drug solubility, and cellular delivery of therapeutic agents.
Dendrimers are highly branched polymers with tree-like structures that provide a high degree of surface functionality. They are typically symmetric around a core and adopt a spherical three-dimensional morphology. There are several types of dendrimers that can be synthesized through various methods, most commonly through a double exponential growth method. Dendrimers have many advantages such as well-defined structure, tunable properties, and multifunctionality, making them useful in a wide range of applications like drug delivery, catalysis, and electronics.
Dendrimers are synthetic, highly branched macromolecules that were first introduced in 1978. They are characterized by their highly branched 3D structure that provides a high degree of surface functionality. There are two main methods for synthesizing dendrimers - the divergent method, which starts from the core and extends outward, and the convergent method, which starts from the surface groups and progresses inward. Dendrimers can encapsulate drug molecules within their interior or attach drugs to their surface, making them useful for drug delivery applications by protecting drugs and controlling their release. Their properties and applications depend on their type, generation, and functional groups.
Polymer-drug conjugates are a novel class of nanocarriers for drug delivery, which can protect the drug from premature degradation, prevent the drug from premature interaction with the biological environment and enhance the absorption of the drugs into tissues (by enhanced permeability and retention effect or active targeting).
Polymer-drug conjugates are often considered as new chemical entities (NCEs) owing to a distinct pharmacokinetic profile from that of the parent drug.
Conjugation of a drug with a polymer forms so-called ‘Polymeric Prodrug’.
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
Dendrimers are highly branched, three-dimensional polymers that show promise in drug delivery applications. They can be precisely engineered with specific properties. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drugs and release them in a controlled manner over time. They offer advantages over other delivery systems like liposomes due to their well-defined structure and multivalent surface. Current research is exploring dendrimers for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, gene therapy, and other pharmaceutical uses to improve treatment outcomes.
Dendrimers are highly branched, three-dimensional polymers that show promise in drug delivery applications. They can be precisely engineered with specific properties. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drugs and release them in a controlled manner over time. They offer advantages over other delivery systems like liposomes due to their well-defined structure and multivalent surface that allows attachment of targeting moieties. Dendrimers have various pharmaceutical and biomedical applications and continue to be researched for improved drug delivery systems.
COMPLETE DESCRIPTION ABOUT DENDRIMERS ALONG THEIR ROLE IN CURRENT MEDICAL SYSTEM,THEIR USEAGE IN CHEMOTHERAPUTIC PURPOSES ETC IS PROVIDED IN THIS PRESENTATION.
Dendrimers are nano-sized, radially symmetric molecules with well-defined, homogeneous, and monodisperse structure consisting of tree-like arms or branches.
The second group called synthesized macromolecules ‘arborols’ means, in Latin, ‘trees’. Dendrimers might also be called ‘cascade molecules’
Dendrimers are nearly monodisperse macromolecules that contain symmetric branching units built around a small molecule or a linear polymer core
‘Dendrimer’ is only an architectural motif and not a compound. Dendrimers have gained a broad range of applications in supra molecular chemistry, particularly in host-guest reactions and self-assembly processes.
This document provides an overview of dendrimers for a class on advanced pharmacutetics. It defines dendrimers as nanosized, highly branched polymers and describes their tree-like structure with an initiator core and interior/exterior layers. The properties, types, synthesis methods and characterization of dendrimers are discussed. Some key applications mentioned include use as imaging agents, in oral/intravenous drug delivery, vaccine development, and cell repair. Characterization techniques like chromatography and spectroscopy are used to analyze dendrimer structure and purity.
Mini review of polysaccharide nanoparticles and drug delivery process AANBTJournal
This document discusses polysaccharide nanoparticles and their use in drug delivery. It begins by explaining that polysaccharides like hyaluronic acid have attracted attention as drug carriers due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to be chemically modified. It then focuses on hyaluronic acid specifically, describing its structure and properties, as well as its various applications in drug delivery like using it to create nanoparticles, hydrogels, and conjugates that can selectively target drugs to tumors. The document emphasizes that hyaluronic acid is a promising material for drug delivery due to its biocompatibility and ability to target cancer cells, but that more research is still needed to optimize its use and chemical modification
Dendrimers properties and applications.pdfsumheril
This document provides an overview of dendrimers, including their properties, synthesis methods, and applications. It discusses how dendrimers are highly branched, monodisperse macromolecules that are synthesized through either a divergent or convergent method. Their unique globular structure and dense branching results in properties that differ from traditional linear polymers, including precise control over size and molecular mass. As a result of their unique behavior, dendrimers can be used for a wide range of biomedical and industrial applications.
Nanomediated anticancer drug delivery.pptxMsRicha2
Nanoparticles have potential for targeted anticancer drug delivery. They can be engineered to actively or passively target tumors. Passive targeting relies on nanoparticles' ability to accumulate in tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect, which is caused by tumors' leaky blood vessels and poor lymphatic drainage. Nanoparticles can also be engineered for active targeting by attaching ligands that bind to receptors on cancer cells. The small size of nanoparticles allows them to penetrate tissues and cell membranes more readily than traditional drugs to selectively deliver anticancer therapies and improve treatment outcomes with fewer side effects.
This document discusses the role of nanotechnology in pharmacology and drug delivery. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology, then describes applications of nanobiotechnology including nanopharmacology. The key roles of nanotechnology in drug discovery and development, and drug delivery systems are summarized. Specific nanocarrier platforms like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanocrystals are discussed in terms of their advantages and challenges for drug delivery. The role of nanodrugs in personalized medicine is also mentioned.
MD. ABU JAR GIFARI
Ph.D. Student
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Prince of Songkla University
Hat-Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 90110
Phone: +660969247553
Email: agifari50@gmail.com
Nanosponges: A novel approach for topical drug delivery systemMahewash Sana Pathan
A Nanosponge is a novel and emerging technology which offers targeted & controlled drug delivery for topical as well as oral use. Nanosponges are based on nano, polymer-based spheres that can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances and then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, lotions, cream, ointments, liquid or powder. This technology offers entrapment of ingredients and thus reduced side effects, improved stability, increases elegance and enhanced formulation flexibility. Nanosponge is the part of advance drug delivery. It is a specific aiding system for targeted drug delivery of both kind of drugs either it is lipophilic or hydrophilic in a controlled manner. These have three dimensional networks or scaffold which is filled with drug and porous insoluble nanoparticles with a crystalline or amorphous structure and have spherical shape or swelling properties.
Nano Drug Delivery Approaches and Importance of Quality by Design (QbD)SABYA SACHI DAS
Different Novel drug delivery systems, their benefits as well as drawbacks.
Different polymers used for preparation of these novel structures:Literature survey.
Targeted drug delivery approaches.
Literature based survey of different nanostructured approaches for drug formulation.
Techniques incvolved for optimization before formulation.
Utilities of quality by design (QbD) approach of optimization.
SUSTAINED RELEASE (SR) AND CONTROLLED RELEASE (CR) DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS.JayeshRajput7
This document discusses sustained release and controlled release drug formulations. It defines sustained release as formulations designed to achieve prolonged therapeutic effects by continuously releasing medication over an extended period after a single dose. Controlled release aims to deliver drugs at predetermined rates or times through delivery devices programmed to control drug diffusion or release. The document outlines advantages like improved compliance and maintaining optimal drug levels, and disadvantages such as decreased systemic availability. It also discusses polymers used in controlled release formulations and applications of personalized medicine in tailoring treatments based on individual patient characteristics and predicted disease responses.
MD. ABU JAR GIFARI
Ph.D. Student
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Prince of Songkla University
Hat-Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 90110
Phone: +660969247553
Email: agifari50@gmail.com
Preparation and characterization of poly (2 hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (phema...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the preparation and characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) nanoparticles for potential use in controlled drug delivery. PHEMA nanoparticles were prepared using a modified suspension polymerization technique. The nanoparticles were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and particle size analysis. The nanoparticles were found to be less than 100 nm in size and spherical or elliptical in shape, making them suitable for biomedical applications such as controlled drug delivery.
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo (15)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
The document describes a case study of an 18-year-old female patient who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis as a severe adverse reaction to the drug sulfasalazine, which she had been taking for ankylosing spondylitis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with high dose corticosteroids, fluid replacement, and supportive care. She improved with treatment and was discharged with only post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
This study examined self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Bangalore, India. The study found that 100% of the 175 dental patients surveyed practiced self-medication. Toothache was the most common triggering factor reported. Analgesics and herbal remedies were commonly used for self-treatment. Most participants consulted pharmacists for advice on self-medication and would see a dentist only if problems persisted after self-medicating. The high prevalence of self-medication indicates a need for education programs to increase awareness of risks.
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
ISSN: 2250-3013, www.iosrphr.org
‖‖ Volume 2 Issue 5 ‖‖ Sep-Oct. 2012 ‖‖ PP.23-30
Dendrimers as potential platform in nanotechnology-based drug
delivery systems
SILVA JR, N. P.1, MENACHO F. P.1, CHORILLI, M.2
1(Enviromental and Educational Faculty FAEMA, Av. Machadinho, 4349, CEP: 78932-000,
Ariquemes, RO, Brazil)
2 Department of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Rodovia
Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil)
Abstract––The dendrimers of poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) are nanoparticles which have proven succeed in
transporting drugs due to high solubility, low toxicity and ability to control drugs release. Studies have
explored the biological potential of dendrimers such as to transport genes, development of vaccines, antiviral,
antibacterial and anticancer therapies. This review of literature on the PAMAM dendrimers discusses the
architecture and general construction of dendrimers and intrinsic properties of the PAMAM. This study also
describes how the PAMAM interact with many drugs and the potential of these macromolecules as well as
drug nanocarriers in transdermal routes of administration, ocular, respiratory, oral and intravenous
administration. Dendrimers promises good future prospects for the biomedicine.
Keywords––Dendrimers, Nanocarriers , PAMAM Poly (amidoamine), Pharmaceutical application
I. INTRODUCTION
About 40% of all drugs developed by the pharmaceutical industry are rejected because they are unable
to obtain real therapeutic benefits as a result of the low permeability of cell membranes or very poor solubility in
water, reducing bioavailability [1]. Side effects from drugs therapy are consequences of administration of
conventional drugs that when reaching the target, eventually reaching other body sites not related to the disease.
However, with advances in nanotechnology and other drug problems make these solutions the era of
nanotechnology drugs, since they are produced with a special structure for releasing the drug in its target site to
confer selectivity [2]. Furthermore, the nanoparticles smart facilitate passage through biological barriers,
potential obstacles for the free drug [3]. Among the latest generations of nanosystems are dendrimers that
constitute potential drug carriers [4]. These highly symmetrical and branched polymers have attracted much
attention in recent years due to their specific physical and chemical properties arising from its organized
construction [5]. Among the dendrimers contemporary skilled in the delivery of functional molecules are
dendrimers poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM), which have been studied in drug formulations like anti-
nflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer [6]. This study is justified by increasing production of
scientific research on the PAMAM, since the ability of these polymers to improve the physical and chemical
characteristics of the drugs with intrinsic problems. This literature has therefore scoped contribute as a source of
knowledge about some of the therapeutic applications of PAMAM. In this literature review the first part will
present the dendrimers through the general definition, description of their constituents and structural synthesis
methods. While in the second step occurs an explanation of the PAMAM specifying about their synthesis,
properties, toxicity, pegylation and the types of drugs incorporation in the dendrimer. Lastly, examples are given
of how PAMAM can aid in drug administration by various routes.
II. DENDRIMERS GENERAL STRUCTURE
Dendrimers are also known as arboróis, cascade molecules, or highly branched polymers and have
been casually discovered by Vogtle and colleagues in 1978 [7]. Dendrimers are polymeric molecules,
chemically synthesized with well defined shape, size and nanoscopic physicochemical properties reminiscent of
the proteins [8]. These polymers are almost spherical shape tree having diameters generally between 2 and 10
nm [9, 10].
From the chemical point of view, because they are synthetic, the dendrimerscould be from a peptide,
lipid, polysaccharide, among other variations [4]. These new structures represent a true revolution in chemistry
because of its extremely precise and controlled architecture, giving it a predictable molecular weight,
biodegradability and biocompatibility [11].
23
2. Dendrimers as potential platform in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems
The dendrimer structure is a further topology found in nature. It may be observed not only in abiotic
systems, for example, snow crystals and the shape of lightning but also in the biological world, such as neurons,
branches and tree roots in addition to the vascular systems of animals [12, 9]. The dendrimers can be basically
divided into three regions: center, branches and surface area [13, 14, 15].
The core determines the shape, size, direction and multiplicity of dendrimers. The middle part is
formed by the branching units and functional groups of terminals are macromolecular periphery [16].
Traditionally, the dendrimers are synthesized by branching units, the monomers ABn, which results in a
symmetrical with the end groups B [17]. The constituents of dendrimers have ABn n ≥ 2, but typically n = 2 and
3, in other words after each addition of monomers which are arranged in layers around the dendrimer, can be
double or triple the number of peripheral groups [18, 19, 20].
Identical monomer units bind repeatedly around a core by means of branch points, sequentially
building tree architecture of the polymer [21, 22].The prepared monomers forming layers after each addition in
the core, resembling the layers of an onion from the inside to outside arranged in three dimensions. Each of
these layers between the concentric core and the periphery is called generation [23, 24].The generation dendritic
rises every additional interaction through a sequence of steps consisting of repetitive reactions. Each new
synthesized layer becomes a new generation, usually twice as active sites or surface groups and the molecular
weight almost doubled compared to the predecessor generation [25, 26]. There may still be a division of the
peripheral groups and internal branches of the dendrimer branching into real arms. Such structures are called
dendrons and are in large segments branching units radiating from the core functional [27, 28].
The surface of the dendrimer may be formed by passive or reactive terminal groups to perform a
variety of functions. Region serving as a polymerization in which each generation is covalently bonded to
generate the precursor [29]. The surface groups may function as gates that control the entry and exit of guest
molecules from the interior of the dendrimer. These properties also enables better control and biodistribution of
the drug by the body [11, 15].
2.1 Synthesis of dendrimers
There are two main schemes of synthesis, which are convergent and divergent strategies for growth
[30, 31]. In the divergent approach the growth during synthesis begins at the core in a process that is directed
radially to the periphery. The process convergent dendrimer growth begins at the periphery directing the
production of synthesis inside [32, 33]. As the two methodologies have advantages and disadvantages, the most
appropriate choice will depend mainly on the type of monomer used in the architecture of the polymer target
[34]. Unlike the convergent method, the purity and structural uniformity of the products are more difficult to
achieve in the divergent approach, since the number of responses that must be completed for each growth stage
increases exponential rate, which requires large amounts of reagents. This method is more suitable for
production in large scale [32, 35].
The divergent method consists of a growth from the core of the dendrimer where branching is produced
by a repetitive series of steps of adding and activation, rapidly multiplying the number of branches [33, 36].The
core molecule interacts with the molecule of the monomer having a reactive group and two groups are not
reactive, yielding a zero generation dendrimer (G0). Then the new molecular surface is activated for reactions
with more monomers [37]. This process can be repeated for several generations [10].The divergent synthesis
ends by the addition of functional groups in the branch points the last generation of branches. This iterative
process leads to congestion due to the numerous end groups on the dendrimer periphery [38].
The dendrimer is produced by a multifunctional initiator core that reacts with chemically activated
focal point (Y) of a branched monomer to synthesize the dendrimers first generation. Higher generation are built
by the addition of monomers branched iteratively producing a dendrimer terminated with full chemical
functional groups [39].
2.3 PAMAM dendrimer
Poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) is the most widely studied and characterized, and so the better
understood so far. Extensive literature on this polymer focuses on biomedical properties [40, 41].The structure
of PAMAM dendrimers starts from a molecule of ammonia (NH 3) or ethylenediamine (C2H8N2) as a core which
binds to amine groups of branches (R-NH2) and amide (-CONH2R) [7, 37].PAMAM dendrimers are
biocompatible, water-soluble non-immunogenic and have amine functional groups that are modifiable to enable
the connection with guest molecules or target. Through the PAMAM cavities present on its architecture this
dendrimer can host various molecules since the presence of amines and amides groups in its skeleton allows
such interaction [42]. However, these polymers may have other functional groups in addition to the amine, such
as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, which grows with generations increasing [43]. In addition, each new
generation, PAMAM dendrimer doubles the number of functional groups and weight also increases in1 nm
diameter of its structure [22, 23].
PAMAM dendrimers are synthesized by divergent method, based on a construction divided into stages
in the presence of methanol, around the nucleus chosen, which could be ammonia or ethylenediamine. The two
24
3. Dendrimers as potential platform in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems
sequences of steps consisting in (1) alkylation of the amine functional core with methyl acrylate, also known as
Michael addition, generating two branches intermediate with ends ester [26]. Following the amidation occurs (2)
the esters with ethylene diamine to produce the generation zero (G0) with four terminal amine groups. Similarly,
reaction of this intermediate with ethanolamine produces branched (G0) with four OH surface groups [39]. The
consecutive repetition of Michael additions with methyl acrylate and ethylenediamine yields amidation with a
dendrimer (G1) and higher generations, increasing the size, weight and number of end groups of the
dendrimer[42]. The reaction may stop in step addition of methyl acrylate. The methyl ester can undergo
hydrolysis, thus generating an intermediate generation dendrimer or half generation (G 0.5), (G 1.5) and so on,
with COOH anionic groups [44].
The dendrimers growth becomes gradually thick and its periphery with a closed structure similar to a
membrane. This state of critical branching is achieved when the dendrimer, for lack of space, can no longer
grow. This phenomenon is called starburst effect, being observed in PAMAM dendrimers after the tenth
generation [10, 18, 27].
2.4 Properties of PAMAM dendrimers
2.4.1 Monodispersivity, size and shape
The monodispersion means that the dendrimers has a well defined molecular structure and without
large individual variations, in other words, they are homogeneous unlike other polymers due to their controlled
synthesis and purification processes. Such control facilitates the research, because it becomes a tool with defined
size ranges [45]. The advantage of low polydispersity makes it possible to predict the pharmacokinetic behavior
of dendrimers because little variation of molecules weight makes it possible to know the sample movements of
these polymers for biological organism [46].
Due to their nanometric scales and other properties that are similar to proteins, dendrimers are also
known as artificial proteins and gain attention in studies that make use of their biomimetic properties [40]. The
dendrimer can be controlled by molecular engineering so that its size resembling to antibodies, enzymes and
globular proteins. The core PAMAM dendrimer generation ammonia 3, 4 and 5 are close in size and shape of
insulin (30 Å), cytochrome C (40 Å) and hemoglobin (55 Å), respectively. Because of the similarity with these
and other molecules dendrimers can travel efficiently through the body [47].
In the production of PAMAM dendrimers of generation 1 and 10 the diameter of dendrimers with
ethylene diamine core grows from 1.1 to 12.4 nm. As this may vary in shape according to the generation, as the
generations (G0) to (G3) with ethylenediamine core in ellipsoid shape but the high generation of (G4) to (G10)
takes spheroidal form [48]. This is because the dendrimer spreads segments as possible to reduce the repulsion
which leads to a globular structure [26].The early generations of the PAMAM dendrimer(G0) and (G1) have
highly asymmetric forms and open structures compared with higher generations [49].
2.4.2 Polivalency
The polivalency is related to the quantity of reactive sites on outside of the dendrimer potential to form
connections with various materials of interest [50]. Areas of high multivalent dendrimers of generations can
contain a large number of functional groups. This makes the surface of the dendrimer branches and more
susceptible to interactions with a large number of species [43].
The multivalencyallows better interaction with biological targets since most of the molecular
interactions occur through biological multivalent bonds. The valency binder is the number of links that can be
established with a receiver or receivers. The strength of multivalent interactions exceeds the sum of the forces
[38].
Dendrimers as potential platform in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems exhibit higher
biological activity compared to conventional drug molecules because the dendrimer can react with multiple
receivers at once in the biological site of action [51].
2.4.3 Solubility and biocompability
Dendrimers generally have greater solubility in common solvents as compared to linear polymers [30].
However, the solubility depends on various components in addition to the surface groups as the generation
number, nature of repeating units and even the core. What enables the construction of dendrimers perfectly
soluble in a large number of solvents, ensuring both the solubility of dendrimers in organic solvents, which
leads a rapid dissolution in water and enhances the activity of hydrophobic molecules [48]. PAMAM
dendrimers have received considerable attention because its ability to solubilize water-insoluble drugs and
transporting them through the biomembranes, increasing the bioavailability of these drugs [52, 53].
Before being used as biological agents in drug delivery, dendrimers should meet a variety of
requirements such as: (1) having no toxicity, (2) is not immunogenic (3) ability to cross biological barriers such
as the walls and the intestinal membranes, (4) remain in circulation long enough to be effective clinically (5)
ability to deliver specific structures [54, 55]. The biological properties as, for example, immunogenicity and
toxicity depends mainly on the size and the surface groups of the dendrimers. The interior structure therefore
25
4. Dendrimers as potential platform in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems
has less influence because usually the dendrimer interactions occur with the outside via the exposed surface
groups, which makes the dendrimers able to cross cell surfaces [16].
2.5 Toxicity and pegylation
It is known that the dendrimers may cause toxicity mainly attributed to the interaction of the cationic
dendrimers surface with negative biological load membranes damaging cellular membranes causing hemolytic
toxicity and cytotoxicity. Therefore, PAMAM dendrimers are more cationic than anionic cytotoxic. An example
of interaction with lipid bilayers of cells occurs with the cationic dendrimer-G7 PAMAM which comes to form
holes 15-40 nm in diameter, which disturbs the flow of electrolyte causing cell death [24, 56, 44].Many toxic
effects of dendrimers are attenuated at their surfaces with hydrophilic molecules and poly (ethylene glycol)
(PEG) which masks the surface charge cationic dendrimersimproving biocompatibility and increasing the
solubility of the polymers. The pegylateddendrimers have lower cytotoxicity and longer stay in the blood than
non-pegylateddendrimers. PEGylation increases the physical dendrimers size which reduces renal clearance
since the glomerular filtration limit is reached [1, 57, 58].
2.6 Interactions of drugs with dendrimers
The dendrimers designed for drug delivery have the intention to improve the pharmacokinetics and
biodistribution of drugs and may also provide a controlled release of the drug with the goal of reaching the
target tissues [59]. Dendrimers interact with drug molecules physically by absorption on surface by electrostatic
interactions or by conjugation with the surface groups for covalent bonding or by encapsulation of the drug into
the cavities of the dendrimer [60, 61, 62].
The technique of drugs encapsulation may be a purely physical entrapment or involve interactions with
specific structures within the dendrimer [63]. The empty internal cavities generally have hydrophobic
propertieswhich allow interactions with poorly soluble drugs. The existence of atoms of nitrogen and oxygen in
the internal structure of the dendrimer allows interaction by hydrogen bonds with the drug [48].Encapsulation is
a general strategy for low molecular weight molecules and are transported on the bioactive surface of
dendrimers induce undesired immunogenicity [49].
The high density of functional groups are ionizable at the periphery of the dendrimer (such as amines
and carboxyl groups) permits to fix a large number of ionizable drugs by electrostatic interactions and
transporting them to their destination [63, 64]. Covalent interaction method offers advantages over previous
methods, therefore allow multiple drugs to be attached to each dendrimer through the numerous groups of the
surface, the covalent bonds between the drug and the polymer are likely more difficult to break giving them
greater control over the drugs, overcoming the force of interaction achieved by electrostatic bonds and
encapsulation [34, 59].
2.7 PAMAM applications in drug delivery
Dendrimers can be designed to improve the properties of some drugs in ocular, pulmonary, oral,
intravenous,topical and transdermal formulations. TheTable 1 presents the applications of PAMAM dendrimers
in various routes.
PAMAM Drugs Routes References
G5-PAMAM Ketoprofen and Transdermal [65]
G4-PAMAM Indomethacin
diflunisal [66]
G2-G6- 5-fluorouracil Topic [67]
PAMAM
G3-PAMAM Nifedipine [52]
G5-PAMAM
G2-G3- Ketoconazole [68]
PAMAM
G1.5-4- Pilocarpine nitrate Ocular [69]
PAMAM and tropicamide
G3.5-PAMAM Glucosamine and [70]
Glucosamine 6-
sulfate
G3-PAMAM Brimonidine and [71]
timolol maleate
G2-G3- Enoxaparin Pulmonary [72]
PAMAM
G0-G3- Insulin and [73]
PAMAM calcitonin
26
5. Dendrimers as potential platform in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems
G3-PAMAM Propranolol Oral [74]
G5-PAMAM Ketoprofen [75]
G0-PAMAM Naproxen [76]
G0-G3- Niclosamina [77]
PAMAM
G3-PAMAM Sulfamethoxazole [78]
G0-G3- Furosemide [79]
PAMAM
G4-PAMAM Risperidone [80]
G4-PAMAM Flurbiprofen Intravenous [81]
G4-PAMAM Indomethacin [82]
G4-PAMAM 5-fluorouracil [83]
G3.5-PAMAM Cisplatin [84]
G5-PAMAM Methotrexate [85]
Source: Adapted from above authors
Dendrimers can be designed to improve the properties of some drugs in topical and transdermal
formulations delivering the drug to its destination due to the increased permeation of drug through the skin [86,
87, 88]. Due to its properties, the dendrimers can be used as carriers in the effective ophthalmic drug delivery,
since they can suffer from low bioavailability because of the physiological barriers belonging to the eye [89,
90].
The pulmonary route provides a large surface area for delivery of drugs in addition to avoiding first
pass metabolism by increasing the systemic bioavailability of the top and become more effective therapeutic
action [91]. However, the potential of dendrimers in pulmonary drug delivery still remains as an avenue that
needs further research [92]. The oral route is the most popular and acceptable by the patient. Because of this,
several studies involving dendrimers have emerged in order to improve the oral absorption of drugs [93, 58].
The intravenous route is not only a simple method also presents itself as the simplest way of delivering
a drug to the systemic circulation. However, the low solubility of various drugs has been an important limiting
factor for a better use of the intravenous route [94].
III. CONCLUSIONS
PAMAM dendrimers are presented as nanocarriers drugs promising for the coming years, since the
multiple properties related to their three-dimensional structure, as mono dispersity, versatility, biocompatibility
and other characteristics intrinsic which increase the solubility and activity of these drugs linked these polymers,
improving the bioavailability and reduce the toxicity potential of many drugs.The drug can be linked to the
dendrimers by covalent bonds, electrostatic interactions, or by encapsulation, and the choice of the interaction
fits the drug needs. Furthermore, as a flexible and excellent carrier, the dendrimers can be carefully designed for
the delivery of biomolecules to the desired target tissue, which allows the use of lower doses, although effective
in therapy. However, dendrimers PAMAM accept various routes of administration, which increases the range of
drugs maybe enhanced action in the body which have limited application process options. This versatility can
facilitate in the future the safe use of drugs which cannot be used in medicine for reasons of toxicity or low
solubility.
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